It is thought that Aboriginal people migrated to Australia 50,000 years ago from Indonesia. For thousands of years they lived a nomadic huntergatherer lifestyle until the 18th and 19th centuries when the British colonized Australia.In 1770, the first explorer, Captain James Cook, sailed into Botany Bay on the east coast of Australia in his ship, Endeavour, and named the land New South Wales. Thirteen years later, after Britain lost its American colonies, the British government decided to establish a penal colony in New South Wales. The colony was used to dispose of Englands convicts and prisoners. The convicts performed labour and built ships, among other things, for their mother country. Many were serving sentences for small offences, such as shoplifting, poaching wildlife on private land or causing political unrest.

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